The growing prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is leading to a significant social impact, and an increasing interest inby the scientific community. Indeed, in the last decades, there has been an increasingincreased need for society to invest in early diagnosis and provision of appropriate healthcare and educational services. However, the multifactorial and high heterogeneous nature of NDDs make the diagnostic process challenging, and the etiopathogenesis poorly understood, especially in cases of overlapping clinical symptomatology between different disorders. Currently, the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders is considered the complex result of a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Morphological abnormalities of the central nervous system also represent athe considerable problem of child neurology, which dates to the embryonic or foetal period. However, the etiology of neural malformations is still unknown and the molecular basis havehas not yet been fully clarified.
Using liquid biopsies could be an extremely valuable and innovative approach to strengthen the current clinical diagnostic processes, and to further explore the molecular basis of such elusive disorders such as Autism Spectrum disorderDisorder (ASD) and Tourette syndromeSyndrome (TS), as well as in the context of neurological disorders such as Arnold-Chiari (AC) syndrome.